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vendor/react/partial/README.md

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+# React/Partial
+
+Partial function application.
+
+[![Build Status](https://secure.travis-ci.org/reactphp/partial.png?branch=master)](http://travis-ci.org/reactphp/partial) [![Code Climate](https://codeclimate.com/github/reactphp/partial/badges/gpa.svg)](https://codeclimate.com/github/reactphp/partial)
+
+## Install
+
+The recommended way to install react/partial is [through composer](http://getcomposer.org).
+
+```JSON
+{
+    "require": {
+        "react/partial": "~2.0"
+    }
+}
+```
+
+## Concept
+
+> Partial application (or partial function application) refers to the process
+> of fixing a number of arguments to a function, producing another function of
+> smaller arity. Given a function `f:(X x Y x Z) -> N`, we might fix (or
+> 'bind') the first argument, producing a function of type `f:(Y x Z) -> N`.
+> Evaluation of this function might be represented as `f partial(2, 3)`.
+> Note that the result of partial function application in this case is a
+> function that takes two arguments.
+
+Basically, what this allows you to do is pre-fill arguments of a function,
+which is particularly useful if you don't have control over the function
+caller.
+
+Let's say you have an async operation which takes a callback. How about a file
+download. The callback is called with a single argument: The contents of the
+file. Let's also say that you have a function that you want to be called once
+that file download completes. This function however needs to know an
+additional piece of information: the filename.
+
+```php
+public function handleDownload($filename)
+{
+    $this->downloadFile($filename, ...);
+}
+
+public function downloadFile($filename, $callback)
+{
+    $contents = get the darn file asynchronously...
+    $callback($contents);
+}
+
+public function processDownloadResult($filename, $contents)
+{
+    echo "The file $filename contained a shitload of stuff:\n";
+    echo $contents;
+}
+```
+
+The conventional approach to this problem is to wrap everything in a closure
+like so:
+
+```php
+public function handleDownload($filename)
+{
+    $this->downloadFile($filename, function ($contents) use ($filename) {
+        $this->processDownloadResult($filename, $contents);
+    });
+}
+```
+
+This is not too bad, especially with PHP 5.4, but with 5.3 you need to do the
+annoying `$that = $this` dance, and in general it's a lot of verbose
+boilerplate that you don't really want to litter your code with.
+
+This is where partial application can help. Since we want to pre-fill an
+argument to the function that will be called, we just call `bind`, which will
+insert it to the left of the arguments list. The return value of `bind` is a
+new function which takes one `$content` argument.
+
+```php
+use function React\Partial\bind;
+
+public function handleDownload($filename)
+{
+    $this->downloadFile($filename, bind([$this, 'processDownloadResult'], $filename));
+}
+```
+
+Partialing is dependency injection for functions! How awesome is that?
+
+## Examples
+
+### bind
+
+```php
+use function React\Partial\bind;
+
+$add = function ($a, $b) {
+    return $a + $b;
+};
+
+$addOne = bind($add, 1);
+
+echo sprintf("%d\n", $addOne(5));
+// outputs 6
+```
+
+### bind_right
+
+```php
+use function React\Partial\bind_right;
+
+$div = function ($a, $b, $c) {
+    return $a / $b / $c;
+};
+
+$divMore = bind_right($div, 20, 10);
+
+echo sprintf("%F\n", $divMore(100)); // 100 / 20 / 10
+// outputs 0.5
+```
+
+### placeholder
+
+It is possible to use the `…` function (there is an alias called
+`placeholder`) to skip some arguments when partially applying.
+
+This allows you to pre-define arguments on the right, and have the left ones
+bound at call time.
+
+This example skips the first argument and sets the second and third arguments
+to `0` and `1` respectively. The result is a function that returns the first
+character of a string.
+
+**Note:** Usually your IDE should help but accessing the "…"-character
+(HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS, U+2026) differs on various platforms.
+
+ - Windows: `ALT + 0133`
+ - Mac: `ALT + ;` or `ALT + .`
+ - Linux: `AltGr + .`
+
+```php
+use function React\Partial\bind;
+use function React\Partial\…;
+
+$firstChar = bind('substr', …(), 0, 1);
+$mapped = array_map($firstChar, array('foo', 'bar', 'baz'));
+
+var_dump($mapped);
+// outputs ['f', 'b', 'b']
+```
+
+## Tests
+
+To run the test suite, you need PHPUnit.
+
+    $ phpunit
+
+## License
+
+MIT, see LICENSE.