PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION, PDO::ATTR_DEFAULT_FETCH_MODE => PDO::FETCH_ASSOC, PDO::ATTR_EMULATE_PREPARES => false ]; $this->pdo = new PDO($dsn, DB_USER, DB_PASS, $options); } catch (PDOException $e) { die("Error de conexión a base de datos: " . $e->getMessage()); } } public static function getInstance() { if (self::$instance === null) { self::$instance = new self(); } return self::$instance; } public function getConnection() { return $this->pdo; } public function query($sql, $params = []) { $stmt = $this->pdo->prepare($sql); $stmt->execute($params); return $stmt; } public function fetchAll($sql, $params = []) { $stmt = $this->query($sql, $params); return $stmt->fetchAll(); } public function fetchOne($sql, $params = []) { $stmt = $this->query($sql, $params); return $stmt->fetch(); } public function execute($sql, $params = []) { $stmt = $this->query($sql, $params); return $stmt->rowCount(); } public function lastInsertId() { return $this->pdo->lastInsertId(); } public function beginTransaction() { return $this->pdo->beginTransaction(); } public function commit() { return $this->pdo->commit(); } public function rollback() { return $this->pdo->rollBack(); } }